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Article History

Received: 12 February 2025

Accepted: 8 January 2026

First Online: 10 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: D.M. is a consultant for BiomeSense, Inc., has equity and receives income. The terms of these arrangements have been reviewed and approved by the University of California, San Diego in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. LBA is a co-founder, CSO, scientific advisory member, and consultant for io9, has equity and receives income. The terms of this arrangement have been reviewed and approved by the University of California, San Diego in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. L.B.A. is a compensated member of the scientific advisory board of Inocras. L.B.A.’s spouse is an employee of Hologic, Inc. L.B.A. declares U.S. provisional applications with serial numbers: 63/289,601; 63/269,033; 63/366,392; 63/412,835 as well as international patent application PCT/US2023/010679. L.B.A. is also an inventor of a US Patent 10,776,718 for source identification by non-negative matrix factorization. R.K. is a scientific advisory board member, and consultant for BiomeSense, Inc., has equity and receives income. He is a scientific advisory board member and has equity in GenCirq. He is a board member of N=1 IBS advisory board and receives income. He has equity in and acts as a consultant for Cybele. He is a Vice President and board member of Microbiota Vault, Inc. He is a Senior Visiting Fellow of HKUST Jockey Club Institute for Advanced Study. The terms of these arrangements have been reviewed and approved by the University of California, San Diego in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. K.C. has research grant support from Phathom Pharmaceuticals. W.M.G. serves on scientific advisory board for Guardant Health, consults for Karius, and receives research support from Lucid Diagnostics.