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Authors
Li, Boning
Innes, Dave J.
Ribeiro, Eduardo S.
Doelman, John
Burgos, Sergio A.
Cant, John P.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Trouw Nutrition Canada Inc. (513256-17)
Trouw Nutrition Canada Inc. (513256-17)
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (513256-17)
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (513256-17)
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Article History
Received: 26 July 2025
Accepted: 23 March 2026
First Online: 27 March 2026
Declarations
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: Lactating Holstein cows were obtained from the Ontario Dairy Research Centre (Elora, ON) and were humanely slaughtered with a captive bolt followed by exsanguination. The protocol of this study was approved by the University of Guelph Animal Care Committee (Animal Utilization Protocol #4307).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
