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Authors
Liu, Ying
Bijl, Etske
Gao, Junxin
Gonzalez-Prendes, Rayner
Groenen, Martien A. M.
Kantanen, Juha
Ginja, Catarina
Ghanem, Nasser
Kugonza, Donald Rugira
Makgahlela, Mahlako
Bovenhuis, Henk
Crooijmans, Richard P. M. A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
China Scholarship Council (202209210016)
Long-term EU-Africa Research and Innovation Partnership on Food and Nutrition Security and Sustainable Agriculture (727715)
Research Council of Finland (319987)
Fundação Nacional para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (2020.02754.CEECIND/CP1601/CP1649/CT0008)
Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (LEAP-Agri 326)
Ministry of Science (MoSTI/LEAP-11)
National Research Foundation (115577)
NWO-WOTRO (2018/WOTRO/00488849)
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Article History
Received: 29 October 2025
Accepted: 2 April 2026
First Online: 10 April 2026
Declarations
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: All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Blood samples were collected during the animals' annual health inspections, conducted by licensed veterinarians. Prior to sample collection, written informed consent was obtained from each animal's owner. In Finland, animal handling procedures and sample collections were performed in accordance with the legislation approved by Regional State Administrative Agency for Southern Finland (ESAVI/31854/2019). The Egyptian cattle blood sampling was done based on animal welfare guidelines of Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, Cairo University (CU-IACUC) which approved this protocol under number CUIIF720. In South Africa, sampling of blood and hair was performed with the approval of the Animal Ethics Committee of the Agricultural Research Council (APAEC [2020/17]), according to guidelines for the proper handling of animals during sample collection.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
