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Authors
Mboowa, Gerald
Kidenya, Benson R.
Sserwadda, Ivan
Kanyerezi, Stephen
Seni, Jeremiah
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Article History
Received: 24 December 2025
Accepted: 2 April 2026
First Online: 9 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national regulations. It was approved by the Joint CUHAS/BMC Research and Ethics Committee (CREC/409/2019) and the National Health Research Ethics Review Committee of the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol. IX/3322) in Tanzania. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the hospital administration, the Head of the Department of Orthopedics, and ward supervisors/in-charge nurses prior to sample and data collection.Environmental sampling did not involve collection of identifiable patient information. In the parent study, written informed consent (or assent for children) was obtained from all participants where clinical samples and data were collected. Patients with suspected surgical site infections received appropriate clinical management, including culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing to guide therapy.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
