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Article History

Received: 5 January 2026

Accepted: 14 May 2026

First Online: 26 May 2026

Declarations

:

: All work performed at NIST has been reviewed and approved by the NIST Research Protections Office (MML-16–0080). This study was determined to be “not human subjects research” (often referred to as research not involving human subjects) as defined in U. S. Department of Commerce Regulations, 15 CFR 27, also known as the Common Rule (45 CFR 46, Subpart A), for the Protection of Human Subjects by the NIST Research Protections Office and therefore not subject to oversight by the NIST Institutional Review Board (MML-16–0080). All work on human DNA performed in Sweden has been approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (2023-05921-1).

: Points of view in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Certain commercial software, equipment, instruments, and materials are identified in order to specify experimental procedures as completely as possible. In no case does such identification imply a recommendation or endorsement by NIST, nor does it imply that any of the materials, instruments, or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.