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Authors
Whitehead-Tillery, Charles E.
Waite, Samantha E.
Durand-Piña, Gabriel A. E.
Green, Elizabeth K.
Bell, Julia A.
Zhang, Lixin
Mansfield, Linda S.
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Article History
Received: 7 November 2025
Accepted: 1 June 2026
First Online: 16 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Patients presenting to Gachon University Gil Medical Center (South Korea) between 2006 and 2009 were recruited into a parent study approved under ethics protocol GIRBA-2212. They were enrolled under ethics approval granted by the Institutional Review Board of the hospital, and all procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and the Declaration of Helsinki. For the current study, we used de-identified genome sequences derived from patient isolates, including individuals with UTIs. No identifiable clinical information was accessed, and all sequencing data were fully anonymized prior to analysis. As such, the use of these de-identified genomic sequences is considered exempt from Institutional Review Board review at Michigan State University.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
