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Article History

Received: 8 April 2026

Accepted: 30 June 2026

First Online: 11 July 2026

Declarations

:

: This study used exclusively publicly available and anonymized spatial transcriptomics datasets. No new human participants, human tissue samples, or human data were collected for this study. Ethical approval and consent to participate were obtained in the original studies, as described in the corresponding source publications and/or repository records. Therefore, no additional ethics approval was required for this secondary analysis.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.