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Authors
Fèvre, Damien P. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5396-0775
Inwood, Sarah N. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6661-293X
Guhlin, Joseph https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3264-7178
Dearden, Peter K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7790-9675
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Callaghan Innovation
Ministry for Business Innovation and Employment
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Article History
Received: 20 November 2025
Accepted: 1 July 2026
First Online: 4 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are invertebrates and are not subject to ethical approval requirements under current animal research regulations. All experimental manipulations were performed in accordance with institutional biosafety and beekeeping guidelines, and no procedures causing unnecessary suffering were applied.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
