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Article History

Received: 11 March 2025

Accepted: 30 May 2025

First Online: 2 July 2025

Declarations

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: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xiangya Hospital of Central South University (ID 202212295, Changsha, Hunan Province, China). Because this was a retrospective study involving the collection of KP strains and anonymized clinical data from patients, the Ethics Committee of Xiangya Hospital of Central South University passed the exemption condition for informed consent. Meanwhile, the animal experiments in the study were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Xiangya Hospital of Central South University under the approval number 202409155. Specifically, following bacterial inoculation and before surgery, mice are anaesthetised with 0.1% pentobarbital at a dose of 0.15 mg per 20 g of body weight. At this point, they are unconscious and insensate to pain. Subsequently, they are euthanised by rapid cervical dislocation. This method was selected as it adheres to ethical guidelines for animal welfare, ensuring a humane and rapid euthanasia process with minimal distress to the animals. It is also a widely accepted technique in research settings.We declare that our research strictly adheres to the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.