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Article History

Received: 16 May 2025

Accepted: 28 July 2025

First Online: 28 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The research did not involve sensitive data or identifying information on patients, the use of human biological samples, or any identifiable clinical data; no patients were directly involved in the research. Instead, the study was based solely on bacterial strains obtained from the existing microbiological collection of the Istituto Superiore di Sanità in Rome, Italy. According to national regulations, using such anonymized, non-human-derived materials in retrospective research does not necessitate informed consent or additional ethical clearance.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.