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Authors
Lu, Xiaohui
Li, Wen
Chen, Xuan
Zhang, Wei
Yu, Aiping
Liu, Guangwen
Zheng, Baolu
Gao, Xin
Liu, Yamin
Li, Xiaoyan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9289-685X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Key Project of Tianjin Municipal Health Commission (TJWJ2022ZD010)
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Article History
Received: 28 March 2025
Accepted: 28 July 2025
First Online: 23 August 2025
Declarations
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: Pursuant to the “Regulations on Ethical Review of Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Human Beings” (National Health Commission and Education Department [2023] No. 4, Web link: ), this study is applicable to Article 32, which stipulates that “life sciences and medical research involving human beings that use human information data or biological samples under the following circumstances, which do not cause harm to the human body, do not involve sensitive personal information, or commercial interests, may be exempt from ethical review.” Consequently, ethical review is exempted for this study and participant consent is not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
