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Article History

Received: 10 February 2025

Accepted: 5 August 2025

First Online: 2 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the PLA General Hospital Ethics Committee (approval number: S2025-032-01). As determined by this committee, the requirement for informed consent was waived, based on the following: the study utilized de-identified retrospective medical data, with all personally identifiable information fully anonymized. It posed no more than minimal risk to participants, and obtaining informed consent was impracticable due to the inability to trace original participants. Throughout the study, all data were managed in strict compliance with the ethics committee’s requirements. Participant privacy and data security were ensured through measures such as anonymization and encrypted storage, with data usage restricted solely to the predefined objectives of this study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.