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Authors
Wang, Yue
Meng, Siyu
Bahetijiang, Halihaxi
Li, Haoxia
Wang, Tian
Assabayev, Talgat
Barkema, Herman W.
Kastelic, John P.
Han, Bo
Deng, Zhaoju
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (31772813)
High-end Foreign Experts Recruitment Plan of China (G2022108009L)
Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China (6244052)
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Article History
Received: 26 May 2025
Accepted: 11 August 2025
First Online: 14 October 2025
Declarations
: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be seen as potential conflicts of interest.
: This study all animal experiments were performed in accordance with the animal welfare and animal experiment ethical guidelines and standards of biosafety and institutional safety regulations of China Agricultural University (CAU; Beijing, China). Prior to the beginning of this study, we obtained the approval of the Animal Welfare and Animal Experimental Ethics Review Committee of China Agricultural University (Issue No: AW01605202-2–02). All deceased Galleria mellonella were collected in biohazard bags labeled as"infectious waste"followed by autoclaving (121 °C, 15 min) and incineration according to laboratory biosafety protocols. Moribund larvae (e.g., melanized but not fully expired) were rapidly frozen at -20 °C prior to identical sterilization and disposal procedures. These measures comply with institutional biosafety regulations. We confirm that informed consent for sample collection and subsequent data release was obtained from all cattle owners prior to sample collection.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
