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Authors
Mitima, Honoré Irenge https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8275-0009
Kawala, Lameck Zigashane
Kajiramugabi, Jean-Baptiste Imani
Mulume, Dominique Aganze https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9337-5888
Ntabaza, Jean-Roger Byumanine
Byemba, Patrick Bazika
Kagayo, Daniella Ashuza
Byadunia, Devote Sifa
Kashosi, Théophile Mitima https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4873-5319
Tchombe, Fideline Nabintu https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3161-2697
Baciyunjuze, Ghislaine Teganyi
Nyambwe, Didier Mugisho
Kanyere, Orthence Kazige
Kwakanaba, Adolphe Mweze
Bakwanamaha, Patrick Mafikiri https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0875-0751
Ntavuna, Marc Nyamugabo
Waziri, Mushakulwa
Kaishusha, Billy Paul
Kayange, Louisette Wimba
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Article History
Received: 1 June 2025
Accepted: 26 September 2025
First Online: 5 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study did not involve human or animal experimentation, nor the collection of sensitive or personal data. Milk samples were voluntarily and anonymously provided by farmers. Due to their reluctance to sign formal documents and the non-invasive nature of the study, ethics committee approval was not required, in line with accepted ethical standards for such research.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
