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Authors
Tanmoy, Arif Mohammad
Kazi, Esha
Kanon, Naito
Rahman, Hafizur
Hung, Harry C.H.
Hasanuzzaman, Md
Malaker, Roly
Malaker, Apurba Rajib
Keya, Deb Purna
Nath, Sudipta Deb
Hossain, Belal
Saha, Shampa
Uddin, Mohammad Jamal
McGee, Lesley
Bentley, Stephen D.
Lo, Stephanie W.
Hooda, Yogesh
Saha, Samir K.
Saha, Senjuti
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1034556 and INV-003570, OPP1034556 and INV-003570, OPP1024654)
GAVI Alliance (201588766, 201233523, 201022732, and 200749550)
Pfizer (WI209075)
Sanofi Pasteur (EPN00014)
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Article History
Received: 3 July 2025
Accepted: 15 October 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Declarations
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: All study protocols received approval from the Ethical Review Committee (ERC) of Bangladesh institute of Child Health (BICH) at Dhaka, Bangladesh (BICH-ERC-2/5/2011 on 05 October 2011, BICH-ERC-1/1/2025, BICH -ERC-3/1/2015 on 19 March 2015, and BICH-ERC-02/02/2021 on 03 February 2021).Informed written consent and clinical information were obtained from parents/legal guardians for all enrolled participants in the invasive disease, and otitis media studies. Nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected with written informed consent, and only non-identifiable routine clinical data were retrospectively included. Urine samples were collected as a part of the routine hospital services at the CHRF microbiology lab at BSHI and no clinical data was available; only year of collection was used in this study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
