Document is current

Article History

Received: 25 July 2025

Accepted: 24 October 2025

First Online: 17 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The local ethical committees of Al-Zahraa and Al-Ahli hospitals, Homs, Syria, waived the requirement for written informed consent due to the observational nature of the study, and verbal informed consent was obtained from all patients or their legal guardians before sample collection.

: All authors confirm that this manuscript is original, has not been published previously, and is not under consideration elsewhere. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript and consent to its publication in the journal.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study has several limitations, including its single-center design and relatively small sample size, which may limit generalizability. Biofilm detection was based on phenotypic methods that are inherently subjective and may vary between observers. Molecular confirmation of isolates was not performed, which might underestimate biofilm producers. Clinical outcomes (e.g., infection duration and treatment response) were not assessed, limiting correlations between biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance, and patient outcomes. Future multicenter studies incorporating molecular and quantitative techniques are recommended.