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Article History

Received: 14 July 2025

Accepted: 11 December 2025

First Online: 5 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted following the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IHHN-IRB#1) of the Indus Hospital & Health Network with reference number (IHHN_IRB_2022_12_030). The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board of the Indus Hospital and Health Network as the study involved minimal risk to participants and used anonymized data. Exemption was granted under the IRB clause which categorized the study as Secondary research for which consent is not required and involves the re-use of data and specimens that were or will be collected for non-research purposes or from research studies other than the proposed research study. The research materials typically will be publicly available materials, medical records, or existing repositories of clinical specimens. No contact between investigator and subject is allowed.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.