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Authors
Rocchi, Ettore
Nicitra, Emanuele
Calvo, Maddalena
Cento, Valeria
Peiretti, Laura
Asif, Zian
Menchinelli, Giulia
Posteraro, Brunella
Sala, Claudia
Colosimo, Claudia
Cricca, Monica
Sambri, Vittorio
Sanguinetti, Maurizio
Castellani, Gastone
Stefani, Stefania
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
NextGenerationEU-MUR PNRR Extended Partnership initiative on Emerging Infectious Diseases
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Article History
Received: 30 October 2025
Accepted: 18 December 2025
First Online: 19 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study involved bacterial isolates obtained from routine clinical diagnostic procedures and did not require any additional biological sampling. All isolates were anonymized, and no patient-related data were accessed. According to Italian regulations, studies based solely on anonymized bacterial isolates do not require ethical approval. In accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, research using non-identifiable human material does not represent research involving human subjects; therefore, ethical review and informed consent were waived. The study was conducted in compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR, EU 2016/679) and the Italian Legislative Decree 196/2003 (as amended by Legislative Decree 101/2018).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
