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Authors
Dühr, Hendrik https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6197-3235
Pärnänen, Katariina https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2220-1738
Kucháriková, Nina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1921-774X
Werner, Paulina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8112-0252
Pershagen, Göran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9701-1130
Lahti, Leo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5537-637X
Alenius, Harri https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0106-8923
Bergström, Anna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7981-6314
Ruuskanen, Matti O. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4221-2880
Fyhrquist, Nanna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5408-0005
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Karolinska Institute
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Article History
Received: 25 June 2025
Accepted: 19 December 2025
First Online: 5 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by Karolinska Institutet’s regional research ethics committee. Informed consent was obtained from the parents of each child for the questionnaire and the stool sample (Dnr 02-475 and 00-140). The study was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
