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Authors
Atanda, Abimbola Comfort
Mafuna, Thendo
Tabit, Frederick
Matle, Itumeleng
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (Project number P10000152)
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Article History
Received: 7 October 2025
Accepted: 29 December 2025
First Online: 12 February 2026
Declarations
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: The ethical clearance for this research was granted by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of South Africa (UNISA-2022/CAES_HREC/177). The Research Ethics Committee approved all techniques used in this study, and the studies were conducted in accordance with institutional regulations and guidelines.All samples were collected, and informed consent was not required as they form part of samples submitted at ARC: OVR for routine diagnostic and regulatory surveillance at farms or abattoirs.No administrative permissions were required to collect the samples, as the study did not involve the killing of animals. Ethical approval for this study was granted by the University of South Africa (UNISA) under clearance number UNISA-2022/CAES_HREC/17 7 .
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
