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Article History

Received: 28 May 2025

Accepted: 30 December 2025

First Online: 17 January 2026

Declarations

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: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Clinical Research of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (KY2025-R401). Given the retrospective nature of this study, the Ethics Committee in Clinical Research of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University waived the requirement for informed consent. All clinical isolates used in the study were fully anonymized prior to experimental use—all patient identifiers (e.g., name, medical record number, contact information) were removed to protect participant privacy. All procedures were conducted following the standards of our ethics committee and adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.Four-week-old male ICR mice of SPF grade were sourced from Vital River in Zhejiang, China. All surgical procedures involving mice were performed under general anesthesia to minimize animal suffering. Mice were intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg) to achieve deeply anesthesia, as indicated by loss of consciousness and unresponsiveness to noxious stimuli (e.g., toe pinch). Euthanasia was then performed immediately via CO2 inhalation. All procedures involving mice were approved by the First Affiliated Hospital Ethics Committee of Wenzhou Medical University (Approval No. SYXK 2021-0017) and were carried out in accordance with the Wenzhou Laboratory Animal Welfare and Ethics Guidelines, as well as the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.Galleria mellonella were purchased from Tianjin Huiyude Biotechnology Co., Ltd., China. According to Chinese regulations (Guidelines for Ethical Review of Laboratory Animal Welfare, GB/T 35892-2018), ethical approval is not required for studies involving invertebrates. All experiments were designed to minimize suffering.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.