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Authors
Zhao, Chengsi
Wei, Jie
Yao, Weijie
Wang, Zuozheng
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
This research was supported by Yinchuan Science and Technology Support Program ((2025SF02))
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Article History
Received: 18 November 2025
Accepted: 13 January 2026
First Online: 29 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Ningxia Medical University General Hospital (Approval No: 2019–466). Because this was a retrospective study based on anonymized clinical data and bile samples collected during routine ERCP procedures for standard clinical care, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee. All patient identifiers were removed prior to analysis to ensure data confidentiality and privacy protection.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
