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Article History

Received: 14 September 2025

Accepted: 14 January 2026

First Online: 28 January 2026

Declarations

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: This study did not involve human participants, human data, or human tissue. Therefore, the Declaration of Helsinki is not applicable. The animal experiments were strictly adhered to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences (permit number W202406030493). All animal procedures were conducted in accordance with the European Parliament Directive on the Protection of Animals Used for Scientific Purposes. The blood samples were obtained after anesthesia, which was performed by intraperitoneal injection of 0.3% sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg). At the end of experiment, the animal was treated by tail vein injection of 3% sodium pentobarbital (150 mg/kg). Following euthanasia, the death was verified based on the disappearance of cardiac activity. The whole procedure was carried out under the supervision of the Ethics Committee of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.