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Authors
Arthur, Rejoice Agyeiwaa
Owusu, Dorcas Ohui
Minadzi, Difery
Appau, Michael Nkrumah
Arthur, Benjamin
Amoakoa, Linda Akosua
Ofori, Victoria Ayaw
Yeboah, Augustine
Vivekanandan, Monika Mira
Ahor, Hubert Senanu
Lamptey, Millicent
Arthur, Joseph Fosu
Kegya, Albert Dennis
Abass, Mohammed
Gyamfi, Fredrick Apraku
Ayisi-Boateng, Nana Kwame
Adane, Seth
Zakaria, Salisu
Akenten, Charity Wiafe
Dekker, Denise
Seyfarth, Julia
Adankwah, Ernest
Sylverken, Augustina Angelina
Obiri-Danso, Kwasi
Jacobsen, Marc
Phillips, Richard Odame
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
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Article History
Received: 9 September 2025
Accepted: 16 January 2026
First Online: 5 February 2026
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Committee on Human Research, Publications and Ethics (CHRPE) at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (Approval No.: CHRPE/AP/383/22, CHRPE/AP/689/23, CHRPE/AP/613/24, CHRPE/AP/798/25). All participants received a full explanation of the study procedures, and written informed consent was obtained prior to participation. For individuals unable to sign, consent was provided via thumbprint. For participants under 18 years of age, assent was obtained in addition to consent from their legal guardians.
: Not Applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
