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High prevalence of class 1 integron, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from cattle, water, and soil in Bangladesh

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-026-04786-2

Published Online: 2026-01-29

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Shahadat, Md. Niamul https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9994-043X
Siddique, Abu Bakkar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1573-8281
Ahmed, Shihab https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3460-2017
Rahman, Md Hafizur https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0725-1078
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

This research was partially funded by small grants from the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute in Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh (GOB fund).
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-01-29

Version of Record valid from 2026-02-20
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Article History

Received: 10 September 2025

Accepted: 21 January 2026

First Online: 29 January 2026

Declarations

:

: In order to respect ethical norms and guarantee the welfare of all participants and biological materials used, this study was conducted in complete accordance with the ARRIVE criteria. The Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute’s (BLRI) Technical Review Committee approved the research protocol (No. AHRD01/2022-23) before to its start, attesting to its compliance with national and international ethical standards. To reduce risk and protect anonymity, every step of the study from sample collection and processing to laboratory analysis was carried out with extreme caution. By encouraging openness, accountability, and respect for moral research methods, the study team stayed dedicated to moral behavior throughout the entire process.

: Not- Applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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