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Authors
Thabet, Ahmed
Orabi, Ahmed
Abdel-Hamid, Nour H.
El-Ebeedy, Lamia Ali
Kadry, Mona
Hashad, M. E.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Cairo University
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Article History
Received: 4 September 2025
Accepted: 22 January 2026
First Online: 20 February 2026
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in agreement with the ethical guidelines established by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University in Egypt (Vet CU081020251256). Sampling of stray dogs was carried out under the official Capture–Neuter–Vaccinate–Return (CNVR) program in collaboration with authorized municipal shelters. Regarding the owned dogs’ samples, we confirm that informed consent was obtained from all owners before sample collection. All experimental protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt and are reported in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
