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Authors
Ma, Yi
Jia, Ting
Zhu, Wanlong
Fan, Lixian
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Scientific Foundation of China (32560262)
Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects (202401AS070039)
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Article History
Received: 25 November 2025
Accepted: 2 February 2026
First Online: 7 February 2026
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Yunnan Normal University (Accession number: 13-0901-011). In addition, the method of euthanasia on Eothenomys miletus , Eothenomys oliter , Tupaia belangeri , and Apodemus chevrieri was performed in accordance with the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) guidelines for the euthanasia of animals (2020). Carbon dioxide have been used as euthanasia methods with low concentrations in AVMA guidelines for euthanasia.These four species is listed as Least Concern in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (lUCN) red list status ( ) and not endangered or protected in China. All sampling was permitted by the local level authority in scientific research.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
