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Authors
Li, Donghang
Fan, Zhijuan
Wang, Sumei
Su, Yanyan
Yuan, Meng
Fang, Hui
Wang, Rendong
Gao, Huihui
Bai, Hangming
Mao, Daqing
Luo, Yi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42377426)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020YFC1806904)
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Article History
Received: 19 November 2025
Accepted: 13 February 2026
First Online: 7 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Tianjin Third Central Hospital. The research was a retrospective study based on anonymized bacterial isolates obtained from residual clinical specimens (including sputum, urine, blood, and abdomen) collected during routine diagnostic procedures. No additional sampling or patient contact was involved, and no identifiable personal information was accessed. Accordingly, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee. The study complied with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. An official scanned copy of the ethics approval (Chinese original with institutional stamp) and its English translation have been provided as supplementary documents.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
