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Article History

Received: 18 November 2025

Accepted: 17 February 2026

First Online: 2 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved under an institutional ethics protocol by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University (approval No. ISL20250358), which covers research on antimicrobial resistance in clinical bacterial isolates. Given the retrospective nature of this cohort study using anonymous clinical data, the need for informed consent to participate was waived by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.