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Authors
Winkelmann, Ria
Blasczok, Belana
Winter, Melanie
Wild, Peter
Vehreschild, Maria J.G.T.
Kempf, Volkhard A.J.
Wichelhaus, Thomas A.
Idris, Raja
Wetzstein, Nils
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt
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Article History
Received: 20 November 2025
Accepted: 18 February 2026
First Online: 7 March 2026
Declarations
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: The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. As all samples were acquired during clinical routine and this was a retrospective study, no informed consent was needed. Informed consent was therefore waived and the study approved by the Institutional Review Board (ethics committee) of the University Hospital Frankfurt under file numbers 2022 − 672_3 and 2023 − 570_3.
: Not applicable.
: Ria Winkelmann, Belana Blasczok, Volkhard A.J. Kempf and Nils Wetzstein have nothing to declare.Melanie Winter received honoraria from talks and advisory board roles from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biocartis, Diaceutics, Roche, and Sophia Genetics. Peter Wild received consulting fees and honoraria (private/institutional) for lectures by Bayer, Janssen-Cilag, Novartis, Roche, MSD, Astellas Pharma, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Molecular Health, Sophia Genetics, Qiagen, and Astra Zeneca. Thomas A. Wichelhaus reports research grants from BMBF, JPIAMR, Deutsche Krebshilfe, MSD as well as speaker fees and consulting honoraria from Landesärztekammer Hessen, Insmed, Osartis, all outside the submitted work. Maria J.G.T. Vehreschild received grants or contracts from MSD, Heel, Roche, Tillotts; consulting fees from GILEAD, Tillotts, Pfizer, Bioaster, GSK, Ecraid, Eumedica, Bactolife, PAION; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Akademie für Infektionsmedizin, Astra Zeneca, bioMerieux, Biotest, COCS GmbH, DGI, European Society of Neurogastroenterology, Falk Foundation, FomF GmbH, GILEAD, GSK, Helios Kliniken, Hessisches Landessozialgericht, Infektio Forum, Janssen Cilag GmbH, Klinikum Kassel, Landesärztekammer Hessen, LMU Kliniken, MSD, Pfizer, Streamed up, St. Vincent Hospital, Tillotts; all outside the submitted work. Raja Idris received speaker fees from Tillotts Pharma and Gilead Sciences outside the submitted work.
