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Authors
Oduor, Beatrice https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9514-9843
Maina, Anne
Mwale, Job
Ogoti, Brian
Otieno, Leon
Jepleting, Moureen
Ayodo, Charchil
Mugoh, Robert
Ita, Teresa
Kuja, Josiah
Omulo, Sylvia
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Article History
Received: 19 August 2025
Accepted: 19 February 2026
First Online: 23 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Kenyatta National Hospital–University of Nairobi Ethics and Research Committee (KNH-UoN ERC) under approval number P88/02/2023. In addition, a research license was granted by the National Commission for Science, Technology, and Innovation (NACOSTI) with license number NACOSTI/P/23/28006. The study involved analysis of previously archived, de-identified bacterial isolates with no direct contact with patients or access to personal identifiers, therefore the requirement for informed consent was waived by the Kenyatta National Hospital–University of Nairobi Ethics and Research Committee, approval number P88/02/2023.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
