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Authors
Kullaya, Vesla I.
Rofael, Sylvia
Heysell, Scott K.
Thomas, Tania A.
Ongeso, Nehemiah
Gathii, Kimita
Said, Bibie
Mpagama, Stellah
Mmbaga, Blandina T.
McHugh, Timothy D.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Africa Research Excellence Fund (AREF-325-KULL-F-C0956)
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Article History
Received: 4 September 2025
Accepted: 19 February 2026
First Online: 26 March 2026
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the institutional review board of KCMC University (No. 2628) and the Tanzania National Institute of Medical Research (No. NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol.IX/4307), and informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the Helsinki declaration as revised in 2013 and its later amendments.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
