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Article History

Received: 12 January 2026

Accepted: 24 February 2026

First Online: 4 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Human participants Ethical approval for the household survey component of the study was obtained from the ILRI Institutional Research Ethics Committee (IREC; Ref: ILRI-IREC2022-57) and the National Ethics Committee for Health Research of Burkina Faso (Ref: 2022-11-232). The study involving human participants was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.For household surveys, the project information sheet and consent form were read and explained to all participants in local languages, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection. Animal subjects Ethical approval for animal handling, sampling, and euthanasia procedures was obtained from the ILRI Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC; Ref: ILRI-IACUC2022-38).All chickens included in the study were privately owned by household farmers. Authorization to access poultry and conduct sampling was obtained from household heads to data and sample collection. Participation in the study, including euthanasia of chickens for sampling, was entirely voluntary. Poultry owners were informed in advance about the sampling procedures and provided their explicit agreement. Appropriate compensation was provided to owners for each chicken sampled.Chickens were humanely euthanized by cervical dislocation, performed by trained personnel in accordance with internationally accepted animal welfare guidelines.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.