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Authors
Yin, Na
Gao, Long
Hu, Yuchao
Cai, Xiangting
Wang, Wenwen
Qi, Jingwei
Wang, Yuan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hohhot Science and Technology Innovation Talent Project (2022RC-Institute-4)
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region "Yingcai Xingmeng" Talent Team Project (2025TYL10)
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Department of Education First-Class Discipline Research Special Project (YLXKZX-NND-007)
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Article History
Received: 11 August 2025
Accepted: 25 February 2026
First Online: 2 March 2026
Declarations
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: Rumen fluid was obtained from a commercial abattoir. The slaughter procedures and animal handling prior to slaughter complied with the national standard Guidelines for the Welfare of Slaughter Animals (GB/T 42304 − 2023). As the samples were collected post-mortem from animals slaughtered for routine meat production, and no animals were raised or euthanized specifically for this experiment, ethical approval from an institutional animal care and use committee was not required.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
