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Authors
Börjesson, Stefan
Sekse, Camilla
Svendsen, Siv
Tømmerberg, Vibeke
Kampen, Annette Hegermann
Mo, Solveig Sølverød
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme (101136346)
Veterinærinstituttets
Animalia
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Article History
Received: 11 November 2025
Accepted: 10 March 2026
First Online: 20 March 2026
Declarations
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: The samples included were part of the the Ovimast project, led by Associate Professor Lisbeth Hektoen at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU). The projects members of Ovimast (which include the co-authors of this paper Siv Svendsen and Vibeke Tømmerberg) had previously concluded that an animal ethics committee approval was not required because the sampling procedures were non-invasive and part of a routine clinical examination of the udder by a trained veterinarian. The work was also carried out in compliance with the Norwegian Animal Welfare Act and related regulations. Each animal owner provided informed consent to participate and assisted actively in arranging and facilitating the sampling and examinations.
: Not Applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
