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Authors
Akenten, Charity Wiafe
Frickmann, Hagen
Thye, Thorsten
Khan, Neyaz Ahmed
Krumkamp, Ralf
Paintsil, Ellis Kobina
Ofori, Linda Aurelia
Jaeger, Anna
Loag, Wibke
Lamshoeft, Maike
Molitor, Ernst
Hoerauf, Achim
Obiri-Danso, Kwasi
Berg, Stefan
Ascofare, Oumou Maiga
Phillips, Richard Odame
May, Jürgen
Dekker, Denise
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; project number 380545990)
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; project number 380545990)
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Article History
Received: 20 January 2026
Accepted: 16 March 2026
First Online: 25 March 2026
Declarations
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: In Ghana, the Committee on Human Research, Publications and Ethics, School of Medical Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in Kumasi, Ghana, approved this study (No. CHRPE/AP/674/19). In Germany, approval was granted by the Ethikkommission der Ärztekammer Hamburg (No. PV5664). Study participants were informed about the study’s purpose and procedures.Written informed consent was obtained from the child’s parent or guardian before enrolment.Permission and oral consent were also obtained from the owners of the farm animals.Formal permission to collect specimens within the hospital setting was granted by Agogo Presbyterian Hospital, under reference number APH/ADM/RES/-135/23.We confirm that our study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.
: N/A.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
