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Authors
Kristiansen, Trygve
Moyo, Sabrina John
Manyahi, Joel
Lindemann, Paul Christoffer
Johnston, Iain G.
Mørch, Kristine
Langeland, Nina
Blomberg, Bjørn
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Bergen
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Article History
Received: 13 January 2026
Accepted: 30 March 2026
First Online: 14 April 2026
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki. Study 1 was approved by the College Research & Publications Committee, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, (ref. no. MU/O1/1022, 31-JUL-2001). Study 2 was approved by the Muhimbili University College of Health Research Ethics Committee, Senate Research and Publications Committee of Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, National Institute of Medical Research in Tanzania (Reference Study 2 2016–12-29/AEC/Vol.XII/06), and from the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (2015/881/REK vest) in Western Norway. Participants were only included in the studies if their responsible parent or caretaker provided informed, written consent.
: Not applicable as the manuscript does not contain identifiable personal data.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
