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Article History

Received: 6 February 2026

Accepted: 6 May 2026

First Online: 21 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Lübeck (AZ 20–295). All procedures involving human participants were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to inclusion.

: Not applicable.

: E. Groth reports consulting fees from GlaxoSmithKline, payment or honoraria for presentations from Insmed, AstraZeneca and Pfizer, and support for attending meetings and/or travel from AstraZeneca. B. Kalsdorf reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from AstraZeneca and Insmed, and support for attending meetings and/or travel from AstraZeneca, GSK and Boehringer Ingelheim. K. F. Rabe reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, and Sanofi & Regeneron, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi Pharmaceuticals, CSL Behring, Sanofi & Regeneron, GlaxoSmithKline, Berlin Chemie and Menarini, participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi & Regeneron and CSL Behring, and leadership roles with German Center for Lung Research (DZL), German Chest Society (DGP) and American Thoracic Society (ATS). S. Boutin reports grants or contracts from German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and CAPNETZ Stiftung. The remaining authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.