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Authors
Ejder, Nebahat https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9557-2033
Özad Düzgün, Azer https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6301-611X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Gümüşhane University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (25.A0118.01.01)
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Article History
Received: 2 January 2026
Accepted: 13 May 2026
First Online: 20 May 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was reviewed by the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu) (decision No E-40465587-050-1676, date 29.07.2025). The Committee waived the requirement for informed consent to participate, as the research used fully de-identified residual bacterial isolates and routine laboratory data with no patient contact and no access to identifiable personal information. This waiver was granted in accordance with applicable national regulations for non-interventional research on anonymized data and institutional policy. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional/national guidelines and regulations.
Consent for publication: Not applicable. No individual person’s data are included.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
