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Authors
AbdulHak, Asmaa
Zedan, Hamdallah H.
El-Mahallawy, Hadir A.
Sayed, Ahmed A
Zafer, Mai M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ahram Canadian University
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Article History
Received: 19 November 2025
Accepted: 14 May 2026
First Online: 22 June 2026
Declarations
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: The study received approval from the Safe Handling and Disposal of Chemicals and Biologicals committee at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt (ML2836) and the local ethical committee at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University (REC1723). Additionally, the study protocol was approved by the institutional ethics committee of the National Cancer Institute, Cairo University (Protocol No.CP1912-60301). All bacterial isolates used in this study were obtained from routine clinical microbiology laboratory workflows. No direct patient contact occurred, and no identifiable patient information was accessed. Therefore, informed consent was formally waived by the relevant Institutional Review Boards, in accordance with Egyptian national regulations. All clinical data were anonymized prior to analysis to ensure patient confidentiality, and the study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
