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Article History

Received: 13 February 2026

Accepted: 15 May 2026

First Online: 29 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The plant material used for this study were commercial tomato seeds obtained from Rocalba S.A. (Girona, Spain). The plants were cultivated in a greenhouse authorized by the Plant Health Services from Catalonia (Spain). The greenhouse experiment complied with national and international guidelines, and neither permissions nor licenses were required to perform them.

: Not applicable.

: The biostimulant used in this article was provided by Bioiberica, S.A.U. under the name Terra-Sorb ® Symbiotic. NS-S, and JV-A were employed by Bioiberica, S.A.U. ND, LM, and EM were involved in the development and validation of the monitoring method and the bacteria-root interaction studies and declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.