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Article History

Received: 18 February 2026

Accepted: 27 May 2026

First Online: 13 June 2026

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve the use of live animals or any human participants. All sera were obtained from existing laboratory collections and diagnostic samples submitted to our routine avian mycoplasma diagnostic service. As the study utilized only pre-existing, residual samples and did not involve any experimental animal procedures, ethics approval from an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) was not required. An ethics letter signed by the Director General of the Institut Pasteur, Tunis, confirming that the study was conducted in accordance with national and international ethical standards, will be provided upon request at any time. No human subjects were involved in this study; therefore, informed consent was not applicable.

: Not applicable ( As our study does not contain any identifying images or personal/clinical details of participants).

: The authors declare no competing interests.