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Article History

Received: 9 March 2026

Accepted: 2 June 2026

First Online: 11 June 2026

Declarations

:

: This study’s ethical approval certificate was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the Peshawar Institute of Cardiology- Medical Teaching Institute (Ref # IRC/2025/188). All procedures and experiments involving human participants were performed in strict accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki. Because the study was designed strictly as a routine institutional audit to optimize clinical workflows and standard operating procedures for infection prevention, it was deemed exempt from formal individual informed consent under national public health surveillance regulations. Also, it did not involve any specific intervention on humans or animals. This waiver aligns with the national ethical frameworks established by the National Bioethics Committee (NBC) of Pakistan and the National Guidelines for Health Research.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.