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Article History

Received: 3 December 2025

Accepted: 2 June 2026

First Online: 17 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants, human data, or animal subjects.Bacterial isolates used in this study were subsampled from anonymized isolates of pathogenic bacterial, biobanked at Kasr El-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. The research protocol for the experimental work involving these isolates (Protocol Serial Number: MI 2800) was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee for Experimental and Clinical Studies at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt on 26 October 2020.In accordance with the national regulations under which this committee operates, the need for consent to participate was deemed unnecessary. We have no access to any patient-identifying information. The research focuses solely on the microbiological and genomic characterization of the isolates and their phages, not on any patient-related data or outcomes. The study was conducted in compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.