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Article History

Received: 4 April 2026

Accepted: 8 June 2026

First Online: 10 June 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Center and the Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute, and the National Research Ethics Review Guideline (2014) of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Research Ethics Review Committee of the Amhara Agricultural Research Institute. Approval was granted for all study procedures, including verbal informed consent for participation of abattoir workers and sample collection from animals and the abattoir environment. Permission to conduct the study was granted by the municipal abattoir management through official authorization. The purpose and procedures of the study were clearly explained to all abattoir workers before sample collection, and confidentiality of individual information and results was assured. Participation was entirely voluntary, and verbal informed consent was obtained from all participating abattoir workers before sample collection.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.