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Article History

Received: 24 April 2026

Accepted: 18 June 2026

First Online: 27 June 2026

Declarations

:

: All pigs used in this study originated from farms with clear ownership. Prior to nasal swab sample collection, all owners of the pigs were fully informed of the study purpose, procedures, and potential impacts, and their informed consent was obtained. The animal experimental protocols were approved by the Animal Ethical and Experimental Committee of Shandong Agricultural University (Approval No. 2017–041). All procedures strictly complied with the Regulations on the Administration of Laboratory Animals and relevant animal welfare standards.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.