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Article History

Received: 6 May 2026

Accepted: 22 June 2026

First Online: 6 July 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics and Research Committees of Muhimbili National Hospital (Ref: MNH/TRC/2025/042) and the University of Medical Sciences and Technology (Ref: UMST/FOM/2025/011). A waiver of informed consent was granted by the Muhimbili National Hospital Institutional Review Board (MNH-IRB) given the retrospective nature of the study and the use of de-identified medical records.

: Not applicable (no individual person’s data presented).

: The authors declare no competing interests.