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Authors
Paradiso, Rubina
Rinaldi, Antonio
Riccardi, Marita Georgia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9097-8939
Vecchio, Domenico
Fiore, Enrico
Rossi, Pasquale
De Carlo, Esterina
Galiero, Giorgio
Iovane, Giuseppe
Paciello, Orlando
Borriello, Giorgia
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministero della Salute (IZS ME 04/16 RC)
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Article History
Received: 6 May 2026
Accepted: 26 June 2026
First Online: 1 July 2026
Declarations
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: Animal care and procedures were conducted in a commercial dairy buffalo farm (Sud Rienergy livestock farm), previous informed consent from the owner to use the animals in the study, in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and Directive 2010/63/EU for animal experiments (National law: D.L. 26/2014). The ethics statement was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, ex art. 26, c. 2, DL n° 26 /2014. All the procedures used to measure and to collect samples in the study on the animals, are routinely applied by the vet farm during the normal process of calf weaning.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any potential conflict of interest.
