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Article History

Received: 25 July 2025

Accepted: 3 August 2026

First Online: 10 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval was obtained from the Animal Research Ethical Review Committee of Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture (Ref: VM/ERC/12/02/12/2020) for samples collected from animals, and from the Oromia Health Bureau (Ref: BEFO/HBTFH/1–16/313) for samples collected from human participants. The study involving human participants was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki ( ). Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvemen in the study.The procedure for collecting samples from the rectum of the study animals was carried out carefully to minimize any unnecessary discomfort. Diarrheic human patients were recruited after obtaining informed consent from adult participants (aged ≥ 18 years) or their legal guardians in the case of minors. Additionally, abattoir and meat retail shop workers were interviewed voluntarily, and they had the right to withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.