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Authors
Agyapong, Francis Opoku
Owusu, Michael
Darko, Eric
Owusu-Ansah, Michael
Twumasi-Ankrah, Sampson
Boahen, Kennedy Gyau
Nkrumah, Gifty
Parčina, Marijo
Karačić, Sabina
Ritter, Manuel
Debrah, Linda Batsa
Debrah, Alexander Yaw
Jeon, Hyon Jin
Marks, Florian
Owusu-Dabo, Ellis
Adu-Sarkodie, Yaw
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
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Article History
Received: 23 November 2025
Accepted: 21 August 2026
First Online: 24 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethics approval for this study was obtained from the Committee on Human Research Publication and Ethics (CHRPE) of the School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana with yearly renewals; (CHRPE/AP/219/16, CHRPE/AP/594/17, CHRPE/AP/188/18, CHRPE/AP/605/19, CHRPE/AP/031/20, CHRPE/AP/071/21, CHRPE/AP/282/22, CHRPE/AP/111/23). Written informed consent was obtained from participants above 18 years who were enrolled in the surveillance study. Child assent and parental/guardian consent were obtained for children less than 18 years. The anonymity and confidentiality of the participants were assured using unique codes. Participants who did not provide consent were excluded from the study.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
